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  <section id="development-tools">
<span id="development"></span><h1>Development Tools<a class="headerlink" href="#development-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter help you write software.  For example, the
<a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> module takes a module and generates documentation based on the
module’s contents.  The <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> modules contains
frameworks for writing unit tests that automatically exercise code and verify
that the expected output is produced.  <strong class="program">2to3</strong> can translate Python 2.x
source code into valid Python 3.x code.</p>
<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul>
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